Private Schools vs. Public Schools Essay

Private Schools VS. Public Schools Parents often wonder how to start off their children’s education. Depending on ones religion or beliefs a private or public school is a choose most parents face. Of course, each school offers it’s own pros and con’s the choice is simple. Public schools offer the best well rounding of a student. While being enrolled in a public school, students are faced with real outside world problems, are with a different blend of students each year, and are also introduced to the latest technology faster. While, a public school the money is offered to them by the state easier then having donations like a private school. Ones child will most likely be with the same students throughout their educational years. Classes aren’t as big and varied like classes at public schools. While in a public school, children view the wide spread cultures and human beings that make up today’s American society. Public schools have a wider variety of classes, which give students an opportunity to choose the classes the want. These classes allow students to pursue a career from the knowledge they have obtained. For example, one might take a business class, which could lead to a career in the business industry. On the other hand, in Private schools they only provide the necessary classes required by the state. In some intermediate private schools, Home Economics and Shop classes Brady 2 aren’t even offered. Unlike Public schools these classes have been offered since fifth or sixth grade and up. The uniforms in private schools ones child will be wearing would not allow the child to show character in his self. Uniforms may make life easier in the long run, but think of how many different ways in style people express themselves. There’s skater, prep, sporty, gothic, hippie, or whatever is convertible. In public schools, ones child has many different ways to fit in or dress how they feel is convertible to them. The sports in private schools aren’t that excelled as ones in public schools. Like in private intermediate schools there are not a variety of sports. Public schools offer sports as young as their primary schools. Sports in Public schools seem to be widely known and are more funded. The money that Public schools receive go towards uniforms, equipment, and top of the line coach’s. Public schools show to the community that they will educate and well round you child better then Private schools. Private schools will limit your children’s ability to grow. Although your child will receive religion in school as another subject, is it really worth it to you to have your child be deprived of the opportunity that will lead them to be a better person?

History with Derek Mahon Essay

History is a subject which preoccupies Mahon in many of his most important poems. I would choose particular poems because of his view towards our history and the past. His poetry presents history in a very negative light. Mahon sees the past as ‘deep-delving, dark, deliberate you would say’. In the poem Rathlin Mahon recalls historical violence on an island that is now a ‘sanctuary’ of peace and ‘through with history’. However this island in the past has witnessed ‘unspeakable violence’ with the massacre of the Rathlin women. He speaks of the ‘unnatural silence’ on the island gradually becoming ‘natural’ over the years through the island not being inhabited. Come the end of the poem Mahon is unsure ‘whether the future lies before us or behind’. Whether the violence is now behind us or is violence a continuing part of our future? In Mahons Poem Kinsale there is a welcome and a long awaited moment of light and hope. The opening line of this poem was an optimistic thought from Mahon himself by saying, ‘the kind of rain we knew is a thing of the past’. The use of imagery in this poem is both vivid and warming. The image of ‘Yachts tinkling and dancing in the bay’ is a striking image as it is both beautiful and positively uplifting. The sun is a direct contrast to the rain. The sun is an image of hope and the ‘future forbidden to no-one’ while the rain is the constant reminder of a violence filled history. Although Mahon showed a slight sense of hope he is constantly overcome with those ‘who have come so far in darkness and in pain’. In the poem A Disused Shed in Co. Wexford he uses the metaphor of mushrooms neglected in a shed to represent the victims of history. Please note! This is not an example of text written by our writers! Essaypedia.com is a database of essays that were collected at open web resources. You can use them at you own risk following the citation rules below. But we recommend you to order a custom plagiarism-free essay written just for you from one of our writers. Place an order, add your paper details and enjoy the results! You can keep in touch with your writer, check the draft of your paper and send your order for revision for free. If you are hesitating to place an order – just ask for a quote! However the both extraordinary and unbelievable picture of mushrooms with feelings is not the only reason I would choose this poem. Mahon uses the image of mushrooms neglected and forgotten to portray the misery and despair of thousands of victims who have died or survived the torturous past. ‘They are begging us you see’ to not forget them or forget what they have been through. Even the most insignificant people in history still deserve the recognition for their struggle. Small heroes from the past ‘In their wordless way’ are saying ‘Let not our naà ¯ve labours have gone in vain’. Mahon also deals greatly with the theme of isolation in this poem. The mushrooms are completely cut off from the world and their only form of light ‘Is a keyhole rusting gently after rain’. The theme of isolation is also portrayed in the poem Grandfather. The ‘Grandfather’ in the poem has completely isolated himself from family and friends. ‘Discreetly up to no good’ he leaves the house in the morning and does not return until ‘After dark’. However nothing gets by this grandfather, ‘Nothing escapes him, he escapes us all’. ‘His shrewd eyes bolt the door’ to his life and he would rather not be bothered by anyone or anything. Another good choice of poem sticking with the theme of isolation would be After the Titanic. In this poem the persona of Bruce Ismay is overcome with guilt and as a result has completely isolated himself from the world. This poem is a favourite of mine also because Mahon writes in the persona of Ismay so brilliantly. ‘Include me in your lamentations’ was the final line of this poem and it sums up what Ismay was asking for. Like the mushrooms in A Disused shed in Co. Wexford he wanted to be remembered just like those who had died in the sinking of the titanic. He believed he ‘sank as far that night as any hero’ as his life and soul died that night. He watched the ship go ‘thundering down’ and with it went his ‘costly life’. He now ‘stays in bed’ and ‘will see no-one’. Mahon allows the reader to become Bruce Ismay if only for a minute. It is amazing reading this poem. The poem Antarctica is also a great example of Mahons ability of writing in a variety of personas. In this poem Mahon writes in the persona of captain Lawrence Oates an explorer who gave his life for the lives of his fellow men. ‘I am just going outside and may be some time’ are said to be his final words. Mahons deals greatly with the theme of people in this poem. He shows that there is good in man kind and ‘At the heart of the ridiculous, the sublime’. Mahon shows that even in the worst instances of isolation imaginable, trudging utterly alone, to his death Oates action may seem entirely ‘ridiculous’ but in this case it is somewhat heroic. People in life may make some pretty foolish decisions but there might always be a good outcome. The poetry of Derek Mahon is poetry that one could not live without. With this collection of marvellous pieces his poetry will continue through generations and linger in peoples minds for some time, ‘In fact forever’.

East Meets West: Which is the Better Car?

The argument has always been like this: Which is the better car? Both the Japanese and American Cars have their respective advantages in design and usability. However, the argument herewith will constantly consider the kind of lifestyle people have, given the global financial crisis.According to an article in the Daily Fuel Economy Tip website, there has been other crisis that triggered the need for more efficient cars. During 1973 and 1979, gas and energy crisis had hit consumers. This, the article suggested, called for alternatives, which is through obtaining foreign cars. With that, this essay shall focus on the reliability, gas consumption, gas mileage and economic impact of these car categories.In the Long RunAccording to automobile enthusiasts, Japanese cars are more reliable than other cars. Japanese cars don’t just break down in the middle of the highway. It suggests that the Japanese cars make use of sturdier parts.The car would not need major repairs. However, in the case that the car would need any repairs, the spare parts are actually very accessible and affordable. Given the number of units there are on the streets, the amount of parts will not be harder to find.Another article mentioned that Japanese cars are even easier to modify for a better performance. Although in certain regions, it is illegal to enhance a car’s power and speed if it would only be used on the highway. But Japanese cars are already driver friendly that any modifications made on the car are simply to satisfy the need for speed.On the other hand, owning an American car may lead to a difficult search for parts that are less costly, like second hand parts. Brand new parts are going to be expensive and buying one will just be the beginning once other parts start to malfunction as well. It can become too costly in the long run. Cars are not just leisure accessories. They are a primary means of transportation. Japanese cars tend to be more dependable.Gas ConsumptionAcco rding to the sources, Japanese cars are preferred due to its efficiency in consuming gas. With the price hike of almost every product open to mass consumers, gasoline for cars are not different. Gas rates have gone up and down, and the instability has caused consumers to be mindful of their expenses.In the past, people have taken their cars to their offices and back home, or cab rides despite the short distances. Today, they have resorted to taking long walks and trains. However, cutting down expenses are not always the best option. With the need to work harder, there are employees who would have to work farther from their homes. Cars will be a very important tool in their work.Drawing a criterion for the best car will have to be considered, and the amount of gas to be used will have to be on the top of the list. There will be times wherein one would require a car for everyday travelling purposes. But one should be wise in gathering options: speed and power or usability?Meanwhile, t here are also hybrid cars by Japanese auto companies. This further cut down the costs while considering the effect of burnt gas on the environment. The car might still be running on gas, but it would not use as much. Hybrid cars make use of alternative gases, which are less costly and less harmful to the environment. Â  

Week4A4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Week4A4 - Essay Example Confidentiality will allow the authorized user to access the company information. Integrity will allow the safe transmission of data and information from the sender to the receiver. In this business scenario, the focus is on safe relay of company information such as emails and safe consumer transaction over the internet such as online purchases. Availability deals with the timely and secure access of requested information to the company and customer (Habiyaremye, 2011). All these three components are interlinked together in a system. Systems are vulnerable to threats and vulnerabilities. A vulnerability is defined as a weakness in the system which is not necessarily known by the user and the attacker. A threat is a possible attack directed to the system. However, the system is not necessarily vulnerable. Our website will be made invulnerable to threats through preventive measures that will be provided below. Because a system cannot be 100% secure, we anticipate building a security system that will address all the security issues as and guarantee safe transaction. In order to attain this, we categorise security features into four and deal with them separately. A standard client server model contains three components; the server system, the network and the client system. In order to secure the transaction between the client and the business, we are going to use the firewall in our internal systems. A firewall is a combination of softwares and hardwares that allow only external trusted users to bypass a protected network. By installing a firewall, unwanted users and programmes are prevented from accessing the system. We shall employ demilitarized zone technology using two firewalls, the outer and the inner firewall. The outer firewall will contain open ports that will allow incoming and outgoing HTTP requests. The shoppers browser will thus be allowed to communicate

Consumer and the law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Consumer and the law - Essay Example n, MW billed them for roadside repairs claiming that an insurance note paid for by Seema and Robin contained an exclusion clause exempting liability for such repairs Under the law of contract misrepresentation refers to communication of false facts which induces the recipient to enter into a contract.1 In this regard, misrepresentations can be made either negligently, fraudulently or innocently and the resulting remedies largely depend on the type of misrepresentation made.2 In a typical misrepresentation case, the innocent party can rescind the contract and/or seek damages.3 On the facts of the case for discussion it is difficult to determine whether or not John’s representation that the vehicle was fit for its intended use was an innocent misrepresentation of false facts, negligent or indeed fraudulent. Seema and Robin discovered that the car had some mechanical difficulty after half an hour of driving. The problem was discovered by a garage in Oxford. Assuming that MW has their vehicles examined before offering them for hire, the problem with the steering and the gear should have been discovered by MW’s mechanics. In the event the vehicle’s problems had been discovered, John’s statement constitutes fraudulent misrepresentation. If no such examination was made, John’s statement that the car was fit for its intended purpose was, at the very least negligent. In any event, Robin and Seema will be required to prove that they relied on John’s misrepresentation or was at the very least, induced to enter into the contract for hire by John’s misrepresentation.4 If they did not rely on the misrepresentation and had relied on their own information and judgment then they cannot claim to have relied on the misrepresentation.5 There is no evidence that Robin or Seema exercised independent judgment. It therefore follows that they relied on John’s misrepresentation. In fact, even if John had offered the pair an opportunity to inspect the vehicle and

Chapter summaries 1 page each chapter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Chapter summaries 1 page each chapter - Essay Example by scholars, it has not be written for scholars.1 The chapter seeks to inform a wider audience on how to go about interpreting the Old Testament and this chapter is especially set for students, pastors, and the general public regardless of their level of education. A correct understanding of any written or spoken information depends on the context. If such statements are taken out of the context, this deprives the information its true meaning, and leads to misinformation.2 The meaning of the passages depends on the context of the message and the paragraph. The meaning of such a passage would thus depend on the grammatical form of the word, and the role of the word or phrase in relation to the sentence. This is what amounts to an immediate context. The scripture is best understood by considering the literary form, which is a middle level context. In addition is the distant context that is also referred to as the theological context. The latter requires consideration of the canon of the scripture to understand. There is a need to consider the genre as a critical step in interpretation. The literary form of the Old Testament has been ignored by many, and this has led to lack of a holistic understanding of the context among the general audience. The bible in both the new and the Old Testament use different forms of communication, which include stories, music and homiletics. These forms of communication have to be analyzed according to their own genre. Owing to the overreliance of story forms in writing the Bible, the narrative becomes the ideal essence in Bible revelation, and this makes narratives to be the essential part for all bible interpreters.3 The literary forms becomes essential in understanding the Bible, as the Bible is entirely written in literary form. Therefore, the correct interpretation of narratives would largely depends on the appreciation of the plot as it entirely describe the beginning, the middle and the end of both the single and complex

Analysis Of Mans Search For Meaning By Viktor Frankl Essay

Analysis Of Mans Search For Meaning By Viktor Frankl - Essay Example Next, Frankl mentions creativity and enjoyment as factors that contribute to the meaningfulness of life. Most people feel their lives to be meaningful when they have opportunities for self-expression. Meaninglessness is sensed, when a person is deprived of the above-mentioned outlets and isn't able to admit meaningfulness of both negative and positive life events, i.e. – in a particular case of death camp imprisonment – suffering. "Everything can be taken from a man but one thing: the last of the human freedoms—to choose one’s attitude in any given set of circumstances, to choose one’s own way†. Therefore, inability to admit the fact that even the bitterest situations have to mean, i.e. inability to change one's attitude towards unfavorable circumstances that cannot be changed, is another element of the state of meaninglessness. The third element of the discussed state is demolition of the values that were held by an individual: "Under the inf luence of a world which no longer recognized the value of human life and human dignity, which had robbed man of his will and had made him an object to be exterminated [†¦] the personal ego finally suffered a loss of values". Another element contributing to the state of meaninglessness is a lack of love, for Frankl sees love as a powerful motivator.According to Oakley, â€Å"people who find their own lives meaningless are also suffering, in varying degrees, failure of motivation, anhedonia, and distress†.

Drilling fluid Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Drilling fluid - Essay Example The mud also provides hydrostatic pressure to balance the formation pressure resulting from the formation fluids in the borehole that if uncontrolled might lead to blowout. The mud is also used in transmitting hydraulic horsepower from the surface to the drilling bit and power the measurement and logging while drilling tools. The choice of drilling mud is determined by the drilling operation to be done, and its properties should be such that it prevents back pressure and blow outs within the minimum costs as possible. (Committee, 2004, pp. 15-19) Drilling fluids are classified into three major types like water, oil, and pneumatic based fluids. The three major types are further classified depending on the purpose, chemicals added fluid phases, alkalinity and dispersion. Water based muds have four phases which include water, Active colloidal solids, Inert solids and Chemicals. The water phase or continuous provides the initial viscosity which is modified to achieve the required flow properties. The water phase also suspends the active colloidal solids and the inert solids. A sample of colloidal solid present is the Bentotite, and that of an inert solid is the Berite. Bentonite, which is a clay provides just sufficient viscosity for carrying the fragments to the surface. Baruim Sulfate increases the weight of the column for borehole stabilization. Caustic soda and other ingredients are added to increase the alkalinity and reduce corrosion. Salts such as Potassium chloride are also added to prevent water from infiltrating the rock formation. Clay is added to water based fluids to increase their density, yield point, gel strength, viscosity and to minimize fluid loss. The clays added are classified as Montmorillonites or bentonite, Kaolinites, and Illi tes. The chemicals are also added to improve the flow properties and are listed as Thinners, Dispersants and Deflocculants. (Caenn, 2011, pp. 538-542) Based on the dispersion, water

Safety Health and Occupational Hazards Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Safety Health and Occupational Hazards - Essay Example Welding, a major industrial process is concerned with joining metals by using a filler material. This filler material, known as the consumable is usually a coated electrode or wire. The process of melting this and the parent metal releases particulate fumes and gases, majority of which is produced from the consumable. The four most common welds are the tungsten inert gas (TIG), metal inert gas (MIG), metal active gas (MAG), and manual metal arc (MMA). (Pires et al, 2006) Some of these emissions are toxic in nature which can prove hazardous on prolonged exposure. Presently, 1-2% of workers from different professional backgrounds (some 3 million persons) are subjected to welding fume and gas action (Pires, 1996). In confined spaces, welding can be deadly, as without proper ventilation, toxic fumes and gases can be much more intense, and possibly over the respective limits for toxic substances. . In the recent years, occupational health hazards have formed the locus of intense academic study and research. The harmful effects of welding fumes have also been studied in great detail. The potency of the gas emissions depends on a number of factors like the nature of electrodes employed, the type of welding, filter metals, and also the ventilation facilities in the welding area. The emissions include metal oxide particles, gases, solvents, coatings and residues. Most of these are air borne and thus are constantly inhaled by workers. Harmful Effects of different Metals Compounds The welding fumes also contain compounds of metals like hexavalent chromium, nickel, manganese, zinc etc. It is difficult to find out the respective effects of different metals as most of tem are interrelated. (Hilton & Plumridge, 1991). But technological advancements have made it possible to draw a rough idea about each element's effect on the human body. It has been medically proven than nickel and chromium cause nausea, headaches, dizziness, thirst, fever, muscle ache, chest soreness and respiratory illnesses on short term exposure. Short term usually implies 12-24 hours, and these short term effects are generic for nearly all emissions. These effects also include gastrointestinal ailments, such as appetite loss, vomiting, cramps, and slow digestion. Nickel and Chromium fumes can also cause skin rashness and dermatitis. Nickel is also known to cause asthma, while chromium may cause sinusitis. The chronic, long term effects of fumes containing nickel and chromium still remain ambiguous, but there are vague indications that they might be carcinogenic in nature i.e. they might act as cancer causing agents. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health has declared that some forms of hexavalent chromium, nickel and their inorganic compounds be considered carcinogenic.(American Welding Society, 2003) As a matter of fact, the long term effects of welding smoke in general remain disputes. Though there are reasons to believe that prolonged exposure might lead to immunosuppression, lung cancer development,

Social Awareness Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Social Awareness - Assignment Example waited without having any interaction with his spouse or girlfriend, he was more or less relaxed with an open stance; however, as soon as she appeared, he closed his legs, removed his arm from the back of the bench and acted as if he were immediately in a more formal setting. With regards to the social awareness that the situation presented, it is the belief of this observer that the level of awareness was directly exhibited by the man on the bench with regards to how the situation changed for him as soon as his wife or girlfriend returned from her shopping experience. As has been previously discussed, the situation itself was more or less informal as it too place within a relatively busy shopping mall and both participants knew each other reasonably well due to the fact that they exhibited being in a relationship. However, even though a level of familiarity existed between the individuals, an analysis of the social awareness that was exhibited by the male specifically helped this observer to quickly note that his overall level of comfort with the situation and/or with seeing his wife or girlfriend was not as easy or as informal as the situation itself dictated. Although the conversation between the two individuals was within earshot of me while I observed the given communication and signals that were transmitted, it was the nonverbal communication that most effectively told me what was truly going on within the given situation. As a result of the male’s actions and non verbal stance with regards to seeing the female return, I was able to form a rather rapid determination of my impression of the pair based upon this observation. The second interaction that I observed was that of a general manager of a grocery store discussing the way in which a return could not be accepted due to the fact that the customer was unable to present a valid receipt for the item. What took place between the two individuals was a situational misunderstanding, disagreement, and

Lord Chesterfield Essay Example for Free

Lord Chesterfield Essay In a letter written to his son, Lord Chesterfield reminds him of his responsibilities that have been given to him and incites to his son of the ever crucial values that are held at a very high regard on his behalf. Lord Chesterfield hopes to steer his son back on the right path by reinstating what he considers to be the noble thing a gentleman of his son’s age should do. It is quite obvious from the letter that Lord Chesterfield is dissatisfied with the decisions his son has made while exploring his new found independence. Lord Chesterfield intends to bring reality back into his son’s view by saying, â€Å"I do not, therefore, so much as hint to you, how absolutely dependent you are upon me; that you neither have, nor can have a shilling in the world but from me†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The value he is trying to show his son is responsibility and humility. His son needs to recognize that it is by his father’s hand that he is able to experience life and independence during this time and to be responsible enough to control himself and not waste this opportunity. Lord Chesterfield now prompts the importance of his son getting an education and the significance it can have on his life. In stating his opinion on education, Lord Chesterfield says, â€Å"Can there be a greater pleasure than to be universally allowed to excel those of one’s own age and manner of life? And, consequently, can there be anything more mortifying than to be excelled by them?† The use of rhetorical questions suggests the substantial amount of importance the value of education must mean to Lord Chesterfield. He hopes to prove to his son that having an education is worth so much more than the effort he is putting into it and that it will make his future easier in the business realm. The final point Lord Chesterfield intends to convey to his son is the eminence of experience. Lord Chesterfield starts off by saying, â€Å"I mean likewise to excel in the thing itself; for, in my mind, one may as well not know a thing at all, as know it but imperfectly. To know a little of anything, gives neither satisfaction nor credit; but often brings disgrace or ridicule†. Lord Chesterfield wants his son to be properly prepared for the social aspect of life. If you do not know what you’re talking about or have not experienced enough of life and you remain sheltered, then shunning and mockery may follow you wherever you go and that is what Lord Chesterfield aims to warn his son about. Lord Chesterfield’s entire purpose is to simply remind his son of his loving father’s expectations for him as a young man and also for very meaningful advice that will only better him for the future. He does not intend to teach his son new values but simply remind him of old ones that he’s been taught his whole life and the appropriate way of exploring his independence.

Patient Billing Essay Example for Free

Patient Billing Essay Patient billing System is very important. These are collections of information’s about a patient’s health history. Doctors and the others personnel of the hospital like nurses write is medical records so that they can used the information’s again when the patient’s come back to the hospital. It is job of patient’s registry records works to make sure that the information is intact and available anytime when the patient returns to the hospital. Many hospitals in India still manage the patient data manually. Hospitals will be able to save money and time if they have a good software program for  managing patient’s data. The idea is to develop web based patient billing software that can be used to keep track of the patients registering in a hospital or clinic. Doctors and the rooms available in a hospital can be managed using this system. Also, this system should support accessing the previous visit histories of any patient, search for patients by name etc. * A patient can be categorized as â€Å"In patient† or â€Å"Out Patient†. If patient type is In Patient, a bed will be assigned to the patient. * A doctor will be assigned to each patient before the patient meets the doctor. Only one doctor can be assigned to a patient at a given time. * A patient can visit the hospital any number of times Administrator will have complete control of the system. She/he can Add/Edit/Delete patients, Add/Edit/Delete Doctors, Add/Edit/Delete Beds, Search for patients, Assign patients to doctors. Doctor can access a patient’s record and update his observations about the patient in that particular visit. ABOUT BILLING: Hospital bill for inpatient will include a room charge, which covers room, meals, nursing care, housekeeping, maintenance, medical records and admitting services. Bill will also include itemized charges for specific ancillary services such as laboratory, medications, X-rays and use of the operating room, surgical day care, recovery room, physical therapy and other services. Hospital bill for outpatient will include consultation charges and also include itemized charges. Bill will not include visits by physician and fees for radiology (interpretation of X-rays), anesthesiology, emergency medicine, surgery, and other professional services and consultations provided by physicians. These will be billed separately by the physician. EXISTING SYSTEM: The existing system of the patient billing is completely manual. The secretary or the receptionist will write patient information into a medical  form. The clinician takes the medical history of the patient, writes diagnosis and treatment on the form. The Clinician sometimes can refer the patient to the laboratory for medical test before diagnosis depending on the situation of the patient. All the patient form are collected and kept in the filling cabinet for follow up check and future use Disadvantages of Existing system: * The existing system needs to save patients information in the form of excel sheets. * The manual system gives us very less security for saving data. * Some data may be lost due to mismanagement. * Searching of particular room vacancy information is very critical where it takes lot of time. * This system is not having the facility of tracking transfers of patients from the general ward to the ICU and vice versa. * Cannot Upload and Download the latest updates. * No use of Web Services and Remoting. * The existing system is Less user friendly Proposed system: The modern computerized system is developed with the aim to overcome the drawbacks of existing system. The proposed system has got many advantages. It will improve the keeping of medical records of the patient, can handle data efficiently, more accurate in filling and retrieving of records. Since the necessary data is available in one place and the computer is able to manipulate it like sorting, stratifying, then the reports are easy to make unlike using the manual system. The Proposed system directly maps on database and its focuses in adding, searching, modifying, printing and saving of the medical history/ diagnosis of the patient. †¢ This system can provide the information about the patient based on the ward number whether the patient is either in the general ward or the ICU immediately. †¢ By using this system we can prepare all bills pending to be paid by a patient before the patients discharge which is computerized. Advantages of proposed system: * User friendliness is provided in the application with various controls. * The system makes much easier and flexible. * Readily upload the latest updates. * There is no risk of data mismanagement at any level. * It provides high level of security with different level of authentication. * We can keep a track of all beds occupied / free in both the ward and the ICU by using this system. * We can keep track of all transfers of patients from the general ward to the ICU and vice versa. * This system is providing the facility of viewing all information about patients details, their admit time and the amount to be paid based on the treatment given and the ward selected. * We can register all the patient details like the amount to be paid / any balance remaining, the ward number, the bed number, the registration number, case number etc. as soon as a new patient is joined in the hospital MODULES: 1. Search module 2. Appointment module 3. Bill generation module 4. Payment module 5. Security authentication module 6. Reports module 1. Search module: This module facilitates the receptionist for searching about the patients past history, availability of Doctors their timings, Doctors details also about the doctors movement from one branch to another branch. This module keep a track of all beds occupied /free in both the ward and the ICU. Keep a track of all transfers of patients from the general ward to the ICU and vice versa. We can also view the patient details like the ward number, the bed number, the registration number, case number etc. It also help the patient for searching the branches details of the hospital, timings of the hospital, availability of the Doctors their timings, availability of the appointments etc. 2. Appointment module: This module is dealing with assigning a doctor to each patient before the patient meets the doctor based on their availability. Only one doctor can be assigned to a patient at a given time 3. Bill generation module: This module is dealing with generation of the bills for inpatient which contains the details of all patients, their admit time and the amount to be paid based on the treatment given and the ward selected. We can also view the patient details like amount to be paid / any balance remaining etc. This module also deals with the generation of the bills for outpatient which contains consultation fees. The bill may include itemized charges for specific ancillary services such as laboratory, medications, X-rays and use of the operating room, surgical day care, recovery room, physical therapy and other services. separate bill will be generated for radiology (interpretation of X-rays), anesthesiology, emergency medicine, surgery, and other professional services etc. 4. Payment module: This module is dealing with the payment of bill through the credit card or cash. 5.Security and Authentication: * Login as Receptionist or administrator * Change password * Forgot Password 6. Reports: In this Module, Different actors can generate the different types of Reports according to their access. FEASIBILITY STUDY: Preliminary investigation examine project feasibility, the likelihood the system will be useful to the organization. The main objective of the feasibility study is to test the technical, operational and economical feasibility for adding new modules and debugging old running system. All system is feasible if they are unlimited resources and infinite time. These are aspects in the feasibility study portion of the preliminary investigation. 1. Technical feasibility 2. Operational feasibility 3. Economical feasibility Technical Feasibility: The technical issue usually raised during the feasibility stage of the investigation includes the following: * Does the necessary technology exist to do what is suggested? * Do the proposed equipments have the technical capacity to hold the data required to use the new system? * Will the proposed system provide adequate response to inquiries, regardless of the number or location of users? * Can the system be upgraded if developed? * Are there technical guarantees of accuracy, reliability, ease of access and data security? Permission to the users would be granted based on the roles specified. Therefore, it provides the technical guarantee of accuracy, reliability and security. The software and hardware requirements for the development of this project are not many and are available as free as open source. The work for the project is done with the current equipment and existing software technology. Necessary bandwidth exists for providing a fast feedback to the users irrespective of the number of users using the system. OPERATIONAL FEASIBILITY: Proposed projects are beneficial only if they can be turned out into information system. That will meet the organizations operating requirements. Operational feasibility aspects of the project are to be taken as an important part of the project implementation. some of the important issues raised are to test the operational feasibility of a project includes the following: * Is there sufficient support for the management from the users? * Will the system be used and work properly if it is being developed and implemented? * Will there be any resistance from the user that will undermine the possible application benefits? This system is targeted to be in accordance with the above mentioned issues. Beforehand, the management issues and user requirements have been taken into consideration. So, there is no question of resistance from the users that can undermine the possible application benefits. The well planned design would ensure the optimal utilization of the computer resources and would help in the improvement of performance status. ECONOMICAL FEASIBILITY: A system can be developed technically and that will be used if installed must still be a good Investment for the organization. In the economical feasibility, the development cost in creating the system is evaluated against the ultimate benefit derived from the new systems. Financial benefits must equal or exceed the costs. The system is economically feasible. It does not require any addition hardware or software. Since the interface for this system is developed using the existing resources and technologies, there is nominal expenditure and economical feasibility for certain. SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS: Operating system:Windows XP Browser:Internet Explorer 5.5 User Interface:HTML, CSS Client side scripting:JavaScript Programming Language:Java Web Applications:JDBC, JSP Database:Oracle10g Connection:TCP/IP Protocol:HTTP,SMTP,POP3 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS: Processor:Pentium IV Hard Disk:Minimum 40GB RAM:512MB or more

Financial performance of microfinance institutions

Financial performance of microfinance institutions Financial Performance of Microfinance Institutions Abstract The paper investigates the financial attractiveness of microfinance institutions (MFIs). With the use of CAMEL methodology is the performance of MFIs analyzed. A comparison with G10 commercial banks shows†¦. Secondly, the systematic risk factors of MFIs are identified. The study * VU University Amsterdam, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV Amsterdam Comments are welcome at: [emailprotected] Introduction This paper investigates the financial performance of microfinance institutions (MFIs) from the perspective of a foreign investor. Microfinance institutions offer a broad amount of financial products and services to people who lack access to traditional banking services, also called; ‘the unbankable. Starting from social driven performance measures, the microfinance industry has been arguably effective in reducing poverty worldwide. In the last decades the microfinance industry has developed into an alternative investment class. The sector is characterized by attractive returns, low default rates and an explosive growth. Nevertheless, there is only a small scientific basis about the promises microfinance offers as a financial investment class. The financial attractiveness of MFIs for investors is questioned within this paper. Through analyzing the performance of MFI with CAMEL ratings and identifying the systematic risk factors, enriches this paper the academic field of finance. The study starts from the findings of Krauss Walter (2008). Their empirical results show that MFIs have a low or non exposure with international commercial markets from developed nations. Microfinance investments are for investors thus useful for portfolio diversification. Besides the social benefit that social oriented investors gain, the question arises what is the potential financial gain for a foreign investor? Nonacademic sources present microfinance as a interesting alternative investment class for solely return oriented investors. Institutions as the Consultative Group to Assists the Poor (CGAP) are reporting profits twice as high as their local peers and returns on investments in some parts of the world between 117 and 847 percent (Little field Holtman, 2005). Gonzales Rosenberg (2006) presented evidence of MFIs that outperform commercial banks on the return on assets. The returns are combined with a repayment rate of loans of almost 100 percent. Group liability repayment systems realize the low default rates. The repayment schemes are typical for the microfinance industry since clients lack collateral for the provided loans. The numbers indicate a save investment with a high return for investors. Nevertheless, investors seem to be skeptic about investing in MFIs. As Krauss Walter (2008, p.6) righteously mention: â€Å" Investors appear to perceive microfinance as excessively risky relative to the returns it generates, partially due to a lack of viable foreign exchange hedges, absence of a solid track record, poor reporting standards, heterogeneous products and inadequate liquidity.† The Microfinance Exchange (MIX) tracks the performance of MFIs since 1998. The MIX is a platform which gathers and publishes financial and communal oriented (outreach) numbers of MFIs. The institutions deliver the data voluntary to the MIX. Of the approximately 10.000 MFIs worldwide, only a small percentage (around 8 percent) send reports to independent platforms as the Microfinance Exchange. The incentive to offer data is to attract more funds from investors (Hartarska Nadolnuak, 2008). The attraction of more funds leads to a higher amount of accessible capital for the low-income clients. A high return on investment is promised by MFIs to investors. In combination with the support to poor people, seems microfinance to be the commercial solution for worldwide poverty. In practice, this promise is only rarely fulfilled by the institutions, due to the high operating cost per client and the lack of knowledge and transparency within the institutions. Academic research is necessary to cl assify the sources of growth in microfinance institutions, thereby establishing a valid basis to assess the performance and risk of MFIs. The paper aims to increase the transparency and rationale behind the data of microfinance. Transparency is increased by presenting measures of performance of the institutions in relation with their domestic environment. MFIs are considered as emerging banks in developing countries. A comparison with commercial banks using adjusted performance methods is used as a starting point. Identifying the systematic risk factors within the domestic environment results in a valid basis to assess the performance of MFIs. The financial statements of the MFIs are downloaded from the MIX website. A drawback in microfinance related research is the low quality of the data. Although the MIX offers the best available set of data and puts serious efforts to increase the quality is the dataset relative young. The dataset contains annual data and is subject to subjectivity due to the voluntary basis and a lack of legislation and authorization in the nations were MFIs are effective. To deal with the low quality of the data this paper first checks till which extent the data makes sense. CAMEL ratings as an efficiency parameter are used SYSTAMTIC RISK The rest of the paper is organized as follows: section 1 reviews the literature of the microfinance industry and the recent developments. Section 2 describes the bank performance methodologies to assess the performance of banks. Section 3 describes a comparison of banking ratios between commercial banks and MFIs. Section 4 discusses the results on the performance drivers of MFIs as a result of the systematic risk of emerging nations. Section 5 concludes the paper with a discussion of the main findings found in this paper The Microfinance Promise The success of the book ‘Creating a world without poverty of Muhammed Yunus (founder of the Grameen bank in 1970 Nobel Prize Winner for the Peace in 2006), increased the awareness and popularity in microfinance. Microfinance refers to the financial products as savings, insurance, transfer services, microcredit loans and other products targeted at low-income clients. From origin is microcredit the key product of MFIs. Loans are used to develop local economies to banish poverty from the low-income communities. The difference between traditional banking and microfinance is the level of creditworthiness of clients. Low-income clients in microfinance lack collateral, structural employment and/or a verifiable credit history almost by definition. This disables them to meet the minimum creditworthiness requirements to gain access to traditional finance products and services. Microfinance clients are therefore often referred as: ‘the unbankable. The lending activities of MFIs are characterized as follows: 1) loans are solely available to members of the MFI; 2) loans are relatively small and generally unsecured; 3) assets and liabilities of the MFI are owned jointly by the members (the clients are the owners), 4) internal monitoring and social sanctions (group liability) are used to enforce the loan contracts (Skees Barnet, 2006). Microfinance institutions thus use group lending methods to guarantee repayment of the financial services which is a substitute for the lack of collateral. This innovative and reversed perspective on banking enables MFIs to provide financial support to the poorest people of the world. This considers 1 billion people worldwide or a potential of 1 billion clients. Reducing poverty worldwide is incorporated in the G8 millennium development goals. Microfinance is considered to be a proven way to realize this millennium goal. Judged against the profit maximization ideology of commercial banks in developed countries have MFIs a dual mis sion; reducing poverty worldwide while being financial sustainable (Drake Rhyne, 2002). The success of microfinance increased the interest of developed nations and the mainstream finance industry. Commercial organizations support initiatives in microfinance as an act of corporate social responsibility. For investors and financials is microfinance attractive for its low correlation with commercial markets. Real life examples are the diversification possibilities that pension and insurance funds find in microfinance (Krauss Walter, 2008). The balance between social and financial returns was studied by the Consultative Group to Assist the Poor (CGAP) in February 2008. The CGAP identifies a stream of private investors investing in microfinance with no particular interest in the social objective of MFIs since 2006. The entry of private investors in microfinance is seen as one the most important development since institutional investors noticed microfinance in the beginning of 2000. Before this period mainly governments, NGOs and charity funds invested and supported MFIs. In 2006 seventeen billion dollar of loans represented 10% of the potential microfinance market (Swanson, 2007). The money market return in that year was 5.8% in dollars and 3.2% in euros (Reille Foster, 2008). Although multiple sources report extreme returns on equity in microfinance, is investing in microfinance far from riskless. MicroPlace is the first online platform to trade in MFIs developed by Ebay. The average yield on a investment is 3% which matures in 3 years. In order to realize high net return on equity should organizations keep the operational cost low. Especially in the case of MFIs are operating cost high. Still lack of control and transparency makes investing in MFIs risky. Difficulty to comply with regulation standards, if any regulation framework is available MFIs act like banks, by collecting any in developed nations and from local communities and invest them in the area. Criticism is about the lack of transparency and knowledge in the sector. Databases consist of low quality accounting numbers and the absence of legislation, authorization in emerging economies aInsights in this industry will thus not only benefit the poor of the world, but also investors of the world as well as the lessons for the financial systems worldwide. The promise that microfinance offers is a reduction of poverty worldwide, with without any means of charity or subsidy (Cull, Demirguà §-Kunt Morduch, 2007). The poverty line is defined as having less than 2 dollar to spend on a daily basis. Group liability schemes are the response of MFIs to avoid the lack of traceable credibility and liquidity of clients. The group structure of loan repayment proves to secure high rates of repayment. Even with the lack of collateral or means of liquidity of the clients (Cull, Demirguà §-Kunt Morduch, 2007). The backside of this concept is that the industry is characterized by a high amount of transactional and operational cost due to monitoring cost. Also the high geographical distances and spread of clients, without technology standards or infrastructure to bridge these distance, increases the operational costs. A stereotype client of an MFI would be a woman (approximately 97% of all microfinance clients are woman), with a low level or non education. The idea that most clients are entrepreneurs is a biased view. Since microfinance believes in the strength and flexibility of people new entrepreneurial business arise, but everyone with a spendable income of less than 2 dollar a day, could be a client of an MFI. Grootte markt Although the loans and services provided are relative low is the amount of clients enormous. Ownership and governance (Call for legislation and authorization) Technology influences (Mobile phones) Microfinance for investors (brug naar bank performance en systematic risk) Portfolio diversification Return oriented (non academic article) not more than a T bill) Null hypothesis 3: MFIs dont generate excess returns more over equity indices. How to sustain credibility High fixed cost to monitor clients No collateral as a backup in case of default, so MFIs have to define risk management methods in order to control potential default rates. Bank performance From NGO to Commercial bank Null hypothesis 1: MFIs have the same banking ratios compared with commercial banks from G10 nations. Systematic risk of MFIs Impact of macroeconomic indicators on MFIs and visa versa Null Hypothesis 2: MFIs and macroeconomic indicators are not related. Microfinance business and investors MFIs have a different business model than traditional banks. This affects capital structure of the institution. The expectations of investors are also higher. A return hurdle is identified in †¦. Which state that investors expect return on equity of MFIs between 20-25 percent due to additional risk of the underdeveloped markets. Transaction costs are high for investors. Since most MFIs are not publicly tradable investors have to spend relative more time and effort to find, retrieve and monitor funds of MFIs. Exchange rates and effort to buy forgein shares in MFIs The lack of transparency creates information asymmetry Asymmetric information contributes to high transaction costs associated with underwriting, monitoring, and loss adjustment. The very same asymmetric information and transaction costs problems also plague financial markets in rural areas of low-income countries, contributing to high market interest rates. Market interest rates are also affected by default risk. Financial regulations can protect the interests of consumers by reducing information asymmetries. So Camel But for MFIs instead of commercial banks it is very difficult to diversify risk. Since most lenders have a business in agricultural oparetions a nature disaster or a change of policy within the domestic border affects almost the compete loan portfolio. For this reason it is important to understand the underlying sustamtic risk of an MFI with a nation. Bank Performance Measurement Measurement of the financial performance of banks increases the transparency of the banking sector in various ways. First, the performance indicators are warning signals for troubled banks. This increases the safety of the banking system. Secondly the indicators are useful tools for allocation decisions for investors. Especially in the case of MFIs, investors lack perfect information. Compared with developed nations the information asymmetry is greater, since commercial banks from industrialized countries have easy accessible and reliable performance indicators. Monitoring MFI performance decreases the information asymmetry gap for investors, which helps MFIs to attract more funds and increase their performances. A performance model assesses the efficiency of the organization. Efficiency is the ratio of the effective or useful output to the total input of a system. Different methods are available to measure the efficiency of banks. Statistical and intelligent techniques to model bank performance models are extensively reviewed by Kumar Ravi (2009). The most common approaches are data envelopment analysis (DEA) (Liu, 2009) and CAMEL analysis (Cole Gunther, 2008). DEA is a non parametric method which uses linear programming to measure multiple in- and outputs of business units. The business units are compared through creating an efficient frontier of best performing business units. DEA is mainly used to asses the internal efficiency of a bank. On-site examinations are the most precise way to monitor the performance of a bank. In developed nations are banks assessed between every 12-18 months. The ratings are known to CAMELS ratings according to their functional areas: capital adequacy, asset quality, management quality, earnings strength and liquidity. The performance of each area is rated on a 5 point scale (1 strong performance, 2 satisfactory performance, 3 performance that is flawed to some degree, 4 marginal performance that is significantly below average, 5 unsatisfactory performance that is critically deficient and in need of immediate action). From the 5 areas is a composite overall rating constructed. The Commercial Bank Examination Manual produced by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System qualifies an institution consequently as; 1 an institution that is basically sound in every respect, 2 an institution that is fundamentally sound but has modest weaknesses, 3 an institution with financial, operatio nal, or compliance weaknesses that give cause for supervisory concern, 4 an institution with serious financial weaknesses that could impair future viability, 5 an institution with critical financial weaknesses that render the probability of failure extremely high in the near term. Although the CAMEL approach is widely used, Cole Gunther (2008) point out that the reliability of the ratings decays rapidly once published. To deal with the diminishing value of CAMEL ratings, they offer a method to create CAMEL rating based on accounting data. The off-site examination of the CAMEL rating performs better after two quarters since the last on site assessment. The CAMEL approach is a suitable starting point to asses MFI performance, since MFI data is only published annually. The rating enables to benchmark multiple MFIs and filter credible and well performing institutions from the dataset. CAMEL offers thereby the possibility to incorporate the social objective of MFIs within the performance model. Besides CAMEL are seven approaches established to measure MFI performance. The Global Development Research center describes all approaches which find their origin from private and commercial initiatives to rank MFIs. The ACCION Camel approach is comparable to the measuremen t as suggested above. An overview of the systems: PEARLS rating system. This is a rating system developed for credit unions by the World Council of Credit Unions (WOCCU). ACCION Camel. The evaluation guideline for MFIs developed by ACCION International. Girafe rating system. Developed by PlaNetFinance. MicroRate. Developed by Damian von Stauffenberg of MicroRate. MicroBanking Bulletin/ MicroBanking Standards Project. Funded by the Consultative Group to Assist the Poorest (CGAP). The Philippine Coalition for Micro-finance Standards.Developed a set of performance standards to serve as guidelines or benchmarks to assess the operations of NGOs involved in microfinance. Institutional Performance Standards and PlansDeveloped by the Committee of Donor Agencies for Small Enterprise Development and United Nations Capital Development Fund. CAMEL is suggested as most suitable for investors. The reliance on qualitative measurement through interviews with the MFIs management is a drawback of the above mentioned methods. Although interviews are useful to assess the performance of an institution, it does not allow investors to asses the institution based on free available information (for example from MIX markets). The CAMEL approach offers an objective evaluation method to assess the performance on quantitative measures. CAMEL is thereby widely recognized as a well performance rating method of financial institutions. The areas of the CAMEL approach are defined, but the indicators to generate the rating of the areas vary per organization or study. Microfinance has a different banking perspective compared with traditional banking. To adjust for this basic principle the set of accounting indicators for the CAMEL model is different, compared with models of traditional banks. ACCION is a rating agency which uses CAMEL to measure the performance of MFIs. A combination of qualitative (interviews) and quantitative (accounting data) analysis is used to rate the institutions. The present study solely uses quantitative measures to assess MFI performance. The indicators are adjusted to the amount of the gross loan portfolio to adjust for company size. Capital adequacy is measured by the amount of total equity and the amount of leverage within the organizations. A higher amount of equity reduces the probability of the occurrence of insolvency. A higher reliance on debt increases the financial pressure on the institution. Leverage reduces therefore the overall CAMEL score. Asset quality indicates the quality of the loans. The write of ratio of the loans and the not winnable loans in 30 days, reduces the quality of the assets. The ACCION model and the model of Cole Gunther (2008) do not include a quantitative measure of management. The current study measures the way the management uses the financial resources efficiently to provide as many loans with the same resources. Better management should be able to reach more clients (possibly with a higher amount of an average loan). Operational self-sufficiency is a measure of overall financial performance of the management. The ratio of operational expenses and loan portfolio presents how effective the management distributes loans to clients. This serves as a proxy for the objective of MFIs to reduce poverty. Secondly is the amount of active borrowers an absolute measure of how many clients the management reaches compared to the financial resources. The average loan balance divided by the GNI of the domestic nation indicates how much a MFI offers to clients within the local context. Earnings strength is the most important for return oriented investors. Return on assets and equity are a widely accepted measures of financial performance. Profit margin is included as a profitability measure of the services offered by the institution. Liquidity is a measure of how well an institution deals with short term cash flows and needs. Unfortunately the database only provides annual information of balance sheets. Specific (short term) cash flow information is not available. Liquidity represents the ability of an institution to meet obligations as they come due. In order to create a proxy for liquidity, data is gathered to determine till which extent institutions can meet loan requests of clients. Two ratios are calculated. The first represents the growth of the assets compared with the growth in the total loan portfolio. The second ratio focuses on the growth of equity compared with the growth in the total loan portfolio. If the ratios are above one, institutions are able to meet the obligations of new loans on a short term basis. An overview of the indicators used in the present study is given in table X, together with the expected effect on the overall CAMEL score. BEKIJK CLEAM Winker Tank, 2008 Exponential weighting is used to include past performances of institutions into the model. Other CAMEL models do not incorporate the time dimension, but past performances are a reliable proxy for future performance. Capital adequacy is for example calculated as: CA1 and CA2 are the camel scores on the indicators as discussed above, is the weight of the indicator within the specified CAMEL area. This will be normally equally distributed over the amount of parameters. The is the degree to which the past years taken into the equation. N is the amount of years of available data of MFI performance. The overall CAMEL score is constructed by an equal or adjusted weighting of the five performance areas. The sums of the weights of the indicators have a maximum of 1. Regarding the social objectives of MFIs a distinction is made between solely return oriented investors and more social oriented investors. A customized CAMEL rating on the preferences of an investor is created by shifting the weights of the areas, yielding the CAMEL rating which reflects the preferences of the investor. Within this study we will use an equal weight distributing, a distribution which stresses the financial performance (ES) and a rating which focuses on the social objectives (MQ). Two words of caution have to be made with the use of the current model. The comparability of the ratings is not straight forward when investors adjust weights to their preferences. Traditional CAMEL models use always an equal weighting over the areas, to grant comparability. Secondly, in line with Cole Gunther (2008) the CAMEL ratings are a not interchangeable with the CAMEL based on on-site visits. For investors the model designed for MFIs provides a reasonable indicator to determine the quality of MFIs on various aspects and should be seen complementary with the on site visits. Summarizing, CAMEL is used as a starting point to measures the financial performance of MFIs. Specific indicators are chosen to adjust for the special case of a microfinance institution. The ACCION CAMEL model provided a first start for the current model. The solely quantitative model incorporates proposes a measure for effective management of an MFI, as a reflection of the social objective of MFIs. Secondly the model also considers past performance of MFIs with the use of exponential weighting. Thirdly the model enables to provide weights according to the investor preferences. For MFIs the model presents indicators which could be embedded in the MFIs performance goals. This way MFIs could attract more funds necessary through establishing a better rating and so, become more attractive for investors. In the appendix are the CAMEL rating for the indicators specified. Systematic risk in microfinance Sentivity to market risk as a extension of the CAMEL model. Descriptive statics are used to compare the performance of MFIs with commercial banks. Banking ratios of commercial banks of the G10 are used as a benchmark. The comparison of banking ratios provides a glance of the performance of the MFIs. The return on assets (RoA) and on equity (RoE) is compared to give an indication of the profitability of MFIs. The outstanding loan portfolios and write off ratios, provide a view of the riskiness MFIs, since micro credit represents the largest product class with microfinance. Leverage is used as an additional proxy for the riskiness of the organizations. Operational costs are compared to get a feeling for the efficiency of MFIs. According to Krauss Walter (2008) is the performance of MFIs mainly driven by macroeconomic factors within the domestic borders. The drivers of the financial performance of MFIs are studied with the use of the arbitrage pricing model (APT). The asset pricing model is used to determine the risk premiums of the macro economic factors of MFIs within the nation. Roll Ross (1995) find that the return on assets or equity consists of a system of risk factors. The systematic risk factors are macroeconomic factors. The expected return on a portfolio of assets is given by The betas on the factors represent a risk premium for a systematic risk factor. The alpha, as a residual idiosyncratic factor is canceling out in large portfolios. By using the linear multi factor model an indication of the impact of the macroeconomic factors is revealed on the performance of MFIs. The factors incorporated in the model are the growth of GDP, GNI, inflation and the penetration of the financial sector within the nation. In line with the

air pollution :: essays research papers

Air Pollution   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The moment you step out of the house and are on the road you can actually see the air getting polluted. A cloud of exhaust from a truck, smoke filling the sky above a factory chimney, fly ash generated by thermal power plants, and even a cloud of dust behind a speeding car can pollute the air. Air pollution is aggravated because of four developments: increasing traffic, growing cities, rapid economic development, and industrialization. Natural phenomenon such as an erupting volcano or even someone smoking a cigarette can also cause air pollution. The major air pollutants are acid rain, smog, fly ash, and indoor air pollutants. Acid rain is caused by when exhaust from burning fossil fuels combine with water vapor in the atmosphere and falls as rain or snow. Acid rain causes extensive damage to water, forest, soil, resources, and even human health. Many lakes and streams have been contaminated by acid rain and this had lead to a diminished population of fish. Acid rain has lead to the international limitations of sulphur and nitrogen oxide. Smog is a combination of various gases (a large part of this gas is produced when fuels are burnt) with water vapor and dust. Smog forms when heat and sunlight react with these gases and fine particles in the air. Its occurrence is often liked to heavy traffic, high temperatures, and calm winds. Smog is seen as a yellowish fog over cities. Severe smog has been covering the city of Los Angeles California since the 1940’s.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Fly ash is produced at thermal power plants. Fly ash consists of silica, alumina, oxides of iron, calcium, and magnesium and toxic heavy metals like lead, arsenic, cobalt, and copper. Disposal of fly ash is very hazardous to the land, creates health hazards, and creates environmental danger. When fly ash gets out into the natural draining system it results in siltation and clogs the system; it reduces the ph balance and portability of water. It also interferes with the process of photosynthesis in plants and thus disturbs the food chain. Today fly ash can be made into bricks and used as building material and was used in the construction of The American Embassy in India. Indoor air pollutants include tobacco smoke, hair sprays, perfume, glues, pesticides, parasites, fungi, formaldehyde, asbestos, and radon. All of these can be found in homes whether it’s under the sink or in the air.

Secularism v. Spirituality in the Second Nuns Tale Essay -- Second Nu

Secularism v. Spirituality in the Second Nun's Tale      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the General Prologue to the Canterbury Tales, Chaucer describes the men and women of the Church in extreme forms; most of these holy pilgrims, such as the Monk, the Friar, and Pardoner, are caricatures of objectionable parts of Catholic society.   At a time when the power-hungry Catholic Church used the misery of peasants in order to obtain wealth, it is no wonder that one of the greatest writers of the Middle Ages used his works to comment on the religious politics of the day.        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Yet not all of Chaucer's religious characters are failures in spirituality. His description of the Second Nun is of a truly pious woman who spends her life in the service of others; she claims this service as the very reason she tells her tale:      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   And for to putte us fro swich ydelnesse,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   That cause is of so greet confusioun,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I have heer doon my feithful bisynesse,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   After the legende, in translacioun   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Right of thy glorious lyf and passioun   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thou with thy gerland wrought with rose and lilie -   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thee meene I, mayde and martir, Seint Cecilie.   (22-28)    She is using her time wisely and in the service of her God, avoiding the easy-to-commit sin of sloth as she journeys on her horse, and aiding her comrades in the avoidance of this sin.   In addition to saving the pilgrimage from sloth, she enlightens and teaches those around her, much like her beloved Saint Cecilia.      However, while the character herself is fascinating and worthy of study alone, most intriguing is the choice of her tale.   What is Chaucer's purpose in having the character tell the tale ... ...owski, Eileen   S. "Chaucer's Second Nun's Tale and the Apocalyptic Imagination." The Chaucer Review. 36.2. 2001: 128-148. Project Muse. 2 Apr. 2002. Keyword: Second Nun. Martin, Fredrick. Increase and Multipy in the Speech Acts of Chaucer's Nun's Priest, Second Nun, and Canon's Yeoman. 30 Mar. 2002 <http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Delphi/9976/chaucer8.html>. Reames, Sherry L. "The Cecilia Legend as Chaucer Inherited It and Retold It: The Disappearance of an Augustinian Ideal." Speculum. 55.1. 1980: 38-57. JSTOR. 6 Apr. 2002. Keyword: Second Nun. Taise, Brother Anthony of. Chaucer and Religion. Ewha University, Seoul. 30 Mar. 2002 <http://www.sogang.ac.kr/~anthony/Religion.htm>. Weise, Judith A. "Chaucer's Tell-Tale Lexicon: Romancing Seinte Cecyle." Style. 31.3. 1997: 440-479. ProQuest. 02 Apr. 2002. Keyword: Second Nun.   

Reading and its Effects on Development Essay -- Early Childhood Develo

Reading and its Effects on Development Over the years the attention focused on children from birth to three years has increased dramatically. Actually, it was in the 1970’s that researchers began to believe that reading to infants would help to stimulate their growth and development. Up to the decade of the 1970’s many people believed that infants lacked any intellectual abilities. Some people also believed that an infant’s hearing and vision were not operative in the first few months of life. But, over the years studies have proven otherwise. The first three years of life have been proven to be the most critical years in a child’s development. One area looked at by researchers and teachers are is how reading to infants and toddlers affects their development. Researchers and child development specialists advocate that parents begin reading to their children, even from birth, because it helps the child’s brain to develop more quickly and aids in the development of language skills. Brain development is very crucial in the first three years of life. Experts now say it’s the first three years of a child’s life that may hold the key to the future (Phillips, 1998). Infants are born with about one hundred billion brain cells, and when the child is not stimulated the brain cells die off. The critical period of brain development is within the first six months of life; the sensitive period of brain development includes birth to three years of age (Murray, n.d). At three months the brain has the potential to distinguish several hundred spoken sounds. Over the next few months the brain organizes itself to recognize only the sounds it hears (Phillips, 1998). This shows that if a child is not exposed to literature and other ... ...We Make a Difference? Pediatrics. Retrieved April 22, 2003, from http://www.findarticles.com/cf_0/m0950/4_105/62023007/print.jhtml Maxcey, M.(1998, April 29). Reading to Children Stimulates Early Brain Development. Retrieved April 20, 2003, from http://www.agnews.tamu.edu/stories/CFAM/Apr2998a.htm Murray, B. (n.d). Understanding brain development and early learning: New research better inform the ‘nature vs. nurture’ issue. FACSNET. Retrieved April 23, 2003, from http://www.facsnet.org/tools.sci_tech/biotek/eliot.php Phillips, A. (1998, April 27). Baby’s brain: First three years of life may hold the key to child’s future. Courier. Retrieved April 22, 2003, from http://www.wcfcourier.com/life98/980426first.html Porter, P. (2003, April 6). Early Brain Development. Retrieved April 20, 2003, from http://www.educarer.com/brain.htm

Khaled Hosseini Essay

A single event can shape the rest of a lifetime. Redemption is a way that makes up for the cause of the guilt. The Kite Runner is very much a â€Å"novel of redemption. † The main character, Amir, has to find a way to redeem himself after having betrayed Hassan. Sanaubar, likewise, must find redemption. Baba resolves his past guilty by doing good deeds First, Amir redeems himself by steps into courage and rescues the son of his brother Hassan Redemption is the act of saying or being saved from sin, error or evil, which the main character Amir seems to need the most. Amir lives with the guilt he has built up over the years because of one incident from his childhood. Amir’s father’s words still echo through his head â€Å"A boy who won’t stand up for himself becomes a man who can’t stand up to anything. † Pg (24). Although Amir destroyed the lives of many people, and he has had more than one opportunity to redeem himself of his guilt, he is not the selfish little boy he once was. Before Amir can go on the road to redemption, Amir must realize that he can’t go back and change what he has done as a child, and he must find inner peace. Although if it was not for Amir’s actions as a child, Sohrab never would have needed to be saved in the first place but by saving Sohrab, the last piece of Hassan’s life, does make a difference. From the moment he chose to turn his back on Hassan, there were many chances where â€Å"There’s a way to be good again† (238). For all his wrongdoings, but he chose not to take any of these. Sohrab was his last and only chance for redemption. â€Å"I have a wife in America, a home, a career and a family†. But how could I pack up and go back home when my actions may have cost Hassan a chance at those very same things? And what Rahim Khan revealed to me changed things. Made me see how my entire life, long before the winter of 1975, dating back to when that singing Hazara woman was still nursing me, had been a cycle of lies betrayals and secrets† (238). Amir finally became the man who stood up for himself and his sins. Throughout his childhood, Amir looked for his father’s affection and he never could get it. His father had said â€Å"I’m telling you, Rahim, there is something missing in that boy (24). Amir’s father would have been proud of him at this very moment because that was all he had wanted from him. The guilt that was built over the years was finally put to rest at the safety of Sohrab. In Afghanistan when Amir stood up for Sohrab and Assef aggressively beat him up, Amir had said â€Å"My body was broken just how badly I wouldn’t find out until later but I felt healed. Healed at last. I laughed. † (289) which showed Amir had come to terms with what he had done as a child and was finally felt relieved. Although he was getting beat up, it did not matter anymore, he just wished he had stood up to Assef years ago, and maybe he would have earned his redemption in that alley. Second, In the novel Baba Seeks redemption by treating Hassan well and always remembering his birthday. Amir and Baba were planting tulips, when Amir had asked Baba if he’d ever consider getting new servants And Baba said ‘’Hassan’s not going anywhere, he’d barked. He’s staying right here with us, where he belongs. This is his home and we’re his family. He had wept, wept, when Ali announced he and Hassan were leaving us. † (237).

Hospital Management System

KOFORIDUA POLYTECHNIC PATIENT MONITORING SYSTEM (A CASE STUDY AT POLYTECHNIC CLINIC, KOFORIDUA) FOR HND COMPUTER NETWORK MANAGEMENT STUDENT’S NAME: WESONO FELIX 04/2010/582D DITSA, JONAS CUDJOE 04/2010/561D DATE: 6TH MARCH, 2013 COMPUTER SCIENCE DEPARTMENT AWARD †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. TENTATIVE TITLE (OR FINAL TITLE): †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ APPROVED BY HEAD OF DEPARTMENT COMPUTER SCIENCE Signature Date: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. APPROVED BY DEAN, SCHOOL OF APPLIED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Signature Date: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Chapter 1 1. 1. INTRODUCTION TO PROJECTHospital administrators are often overwhelmed with information about a bulky number of patients and their stays to the hospital that need to be organized and kept up-to-date. The patient management system is a web based application that is designed and developed for hospital administrators and doctors to organize information on patient visits. The system intends to facilitate several steps in the process from the patient registration and to the patient evaluation. During this process, there will be many tasks that have to be handled by this system including maintaining complete information.The main objective of the system is to provide the administration staff and doctors with an easily maintainable information system for patient registration, visit scheduling and patient tracking with latest information. 1. 2. OBJECTIVES The main objectives for establishing this project is to solve the problem notified in the research. The objectives are outlined as follows: I. To improve patient’s registration II. To increase level of patient management III. To improve on patient records keeping IV. To assign doctors to patients V. Doctor Management VI. Bed/Room ManagementVII. Doctors can update the patient’s record with their observations 1. 3. PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT In a given day, number of patients visits a hospital or a clinic. Many hospitals in Ghana still manage the patient data manually. Hospitals will be able to save money and time if they have a good software program for managing patient’s data. The idea is to develop web based patient management software that can be used to keep track of the patients registering in a hospital or clinic. Doctors and the rooms available in a hospital can be managed using this system.Also, this system should support accessing the previous visit histories of any patient, search for patients by name etc. A few points to be noted about the system we are developing here * A patient can be categorized as â€Å" In patient† or â€Å"Out Patient†. If patient type is â€Å"In Patient†, a bed will be assigned to the patient. * A doctor will be assigned to each patient before the patient meets the doctor. Only one doctor can be assigned to a patient at a given time. * A patient can visit the hospital any number of times The project has been planned to be having the view of distributed architecture, with centralized storage of the database.The application for the storage of the data has been planned. Using the constructs of MS-SQL Server and all the user interfaces have been designed using the ASP. Net technologies. The database connectivity is planned using the â€Å"SQL Connection† methodology. The st andards of security and data protective mechanism have been given a big choice for proper usage. The application takes care of different modules and their associated reports, which are produced as per the applicable strategies and standards that are put forwarded by the administrative staff.The entire project has been developed keeping in view of the distributed client server computing technology, in mind. The specification has been normalized up to 3NF to eliminate all the anomalies that may arise due to the database transaction that are executed by the general users and the organizational administration. The user interfaces are browser specific to give distributed accessibility for the overall system. The internal database has been selected as MS-SQL server 200. The basic constructs of table spaces, clusters and indexes have been exploited to provide higher consistency and reliability for the data storage.The MS-SQL server 200 was a choice as it provides the constructs of high-lev el reliability and security. The total front end was dominated using the ASP. Net technologies. At all proper levels high care was taken to check that the system manages the data consistency with proper business rules or validations. The database connectivity was planned using the latest â€Å"SQL Connection† technology provided by Microsoft Corporation. The authentication and authorization was crosschecked at all the relevant stages. The user level accessibility has been restricted into two zones namely. . 4. PROBLEM IN EXISTING SYSTEM * Cannot Upload and Download the latest updates. * No use of Web Services and Remoting. * Risk of mismanagement of data when the project is under development. * Less Security. * No proper coordination between different Applications and Users. * Fewer Users – Friendly. 1. 5. SOLUTION OF THESE PROBLEMS The development of the new system contains the following activities, which try to automate the entire process keeping in view of the datab ase integration approach. 1. User friendliness is provided in the application with various controls. 2.The system makes the overall project management much easier and flexible. 3. Readily upload the latest updates, allows user to download the alerts by clicking the URL. 4. There is no risk of data mismanagement at any level while the project development is under process. 5. It provides high level of security with different level of authentication. 1. 6. REVIEW OF LITERATURE This chapter is on the related literature of the study and tries to place the study into its theoretical framework. It explores fields of related theories of the study which will serve as the basis for monitoring patients and their records.There is a lot of similar software in the market, example hospital management system which also function the same but it is very complex to use (non-user friendly) and requires a degree of training and expertise before one can use it. With the PATIENT MONITORING SYSTEM, everyth ing is flexible and more user friendly with a high level of security with different level of authentication. 1. 8. BUDGET The budget of the research study will be: ACTIVITY| DURATION| INPUTS/ITEMS REQUIRED| COSTGH| Research| One (1) week| A – 4 paper (3 Rims), laptop| 20. 0| Interviews| One (1)week| | 10. 00| Interface Designer| Five (5 )Days | A- 4 sheets| 10. 00| Data Analysis| One (1)week| | 15. 00| Coding| Two (2) weeks| | 10. 00| Printing & Photocopying| One (1) weeks| A- 4 sheets| 30. 00| Binding | Three (3)Days| | 15. 00| Preparation of final Study Report| Three (3) weeks| | 50. 00| | | SUB TOTAL| 160. 00| | | | | | | TOTAL| 170. 00| | | | | 1. 9. TIMELINE This project is going to be undertaken in two months two weeks to finish the project (PATIENT MONITORING SYSTEM). Hospital Management System KOFORIDUA POLYTECHNIC PATIENT MONITORING SYSTEM (A CASE STUDY AT POLYTECHNIC CLINIC, KOFORIDUA) FOR HND COMPUTER NETWORK MANAGEMENT STUDENT’S NAME: WESONO FELIX 04/2010/582D DITSA, JONAS CUDJOE 04/2010/561D DATE: 6TH MARCH, 2013 COMPUTER SCIENCE DEPARTMENT AWARD †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. TENTATIVE TITLE (OR FINAL TITLE): †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ APPROVED BY HEAD OF DEPARTMENT COMPUTER SCIENCE Signature Date: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. APPROVED BY DEAN, SCHOOL OF APPLIED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Signature Date: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Chapter 1 1. 1. INTRODUCTION TO PROJECTHospital administrators are often overwhelmed with information about a bulky number of patients and their stays to the hospital that need to be organized and kept up-to-date. The patient management system is a web based application that is designed and developed for hospital administrators and doctors to organize information on patient visits. The system intends to facilitate several steps in the process from the patient registration and to the patient evaluation. During this process, there will be many tasks that have to be handled by this system including maintaining complete information.The main objective of the system is to provide the administration staff and doctors with an easily maintainable information system for patient registration, visit scheduling and patient tracking with latest information. 1. 2. OBJECTIVES The main objectives for establishing this project is to solve the problem notified in the research. The objectives are outlined as follows: I. To improve patient’s registration II. To increase level of patient management III. To improve on patient records keeping IV. To assign doctors to patients V. Doctor Management VI. Bed/Room ManagementVII. Doctors can update the patient’s record with their observations 1. 3. PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT In a given day, number of patients visits a hospital or a clinic. Many hospitals in Ghana still manage the patient data manually. Hospitals will be able to save money and time if they have a good software program for managing patient’s data. The idea is to develop web based patient management software that can be used to keep track of the patients registering in a hospital or clinic. Doctors and the rooms available in a hospital can be managed using this system.Also, this system should support accessing the previous visit histories of any patient, search for patients by name etc. A few points to be noted about the system we are developing here * A patient can be categorized as â€Å" In patient† or â€Å"Out Patient†. If patient type is â€Å"In Patient†, a bed will be assigned to the patient. * A doctor will be assigned to each patient before the patient meets the doctor. Only one doctor can be assigned to a patient at a given time. * A patient can visit the hospital any number of times The project has been planned to be having the view of distributed architecture, with centralized storage of the database.The application for the storage of the data has been planned. Using the constructs of MS-SQL Server and all the user interfaces have been designed using the ASP. Net technologies. The database connectivity is planned using the â€Å"SQL Connection† methodology. The st andards of security and data protective mechanism have been given a big choice for proper usage. The application takes care of different modules and their associated reports, which are produced as per the applicable strategies and standards that are put forwarded by the administrative staff.The entire project has been developed keeping in view of the distributed client server computing technology, in mind. The specification has been normalized up to 3NF to eliminate all the anomalies that may arise due to the database transaction that are executed by the general users and the organizational administration. The user interfaces are browser specific to give distributed accessibility for the overall system. The internal database has been selected as MS-SQL server 200. The basic constructs of table spaces, clusters and indexes have been exploited to provide higher consistency and reliability for the data storage.The MS-SQL server 200 was a choice as it provides the constructs of high-lev el reliability and security. The total front end was dominated using the ASP. Net technologies. At all proper levels high care was taken to check that the system manages the data consistency with proper business rules or validations. The database connectivity was planned using the latest â€Å"SQL Connection† technology provided by Microsoft Corporation. The authentication and authorization was crosschecked at all the relevant stages. The user level accessibility has been restricted into two zones namely. . 4. PROBLEM IN EXISTING SYSTEM * Cannot Upload and Download the latest updates. * No use of Web Services and Remoting. * Risk of mismanagement of data when the project is under development. * Less Security. * No proper coordination between different Applications and Users. * Fewer Users – Friendly. 1. 5. SOLUTION OF THESE PROBLEMS The development of the new system contains the following activities, which try to automate the entire process keeping in view of the datab ase integration approach. 1. User friendliness is provided in the application with various controls. 2.The system makes the overall project management much easier and flexible. 3. Readily upload the latest updates, allows user to download the alerts by clicking the URL. 4. There is no risk of data mismanagement at any level while the project development is under process. 5. It provides high level of security with different level of authentication. 1. 6. REVIEW OF LITERATURE This chapter is on the related literature of the study and tries to place the study into its theoretical framework. It explores fields of related theories of the study which will serve as the basis for monitoring patients and their records.There is a lot of similar software in the market, example hospital management system which also function the same but it is very complex to use (non-user friendly) and requires a degree of training and expertise before one can use it. With the PATIENT MONITORING SYSTEM, everyth ing is flexible and more user friendly with a high level of security with different level of authentication. 1. 8. BUDGET The budget of the research study will be: ACTIVITY| DURATION| INPUTS/ITEMS REQUIRED| COSTGH| Research| One (1) week| A – 4 paper (3 Rims), laptop| 20. 0| Interviews| One (1)week| | 10. 00| Interface Designer| Five (5 )Days | A- 4 sheets| 10. 00| Data Analysis| One (1)week| | 15. 00| Coding| Two (2) weeks| | 10. 00| Printing & Photocopying| One (1) weeks| A- 4 sheets| 30. 00| Binding | Three (3)Days| | 15. 00| Preparation of final Study Report| Three (3) weeks| | 50. 00| | | SUB TOTAL| 160. 00| | | | | | | TOTAL| 170. 00| | | | | 1. 9. TIMELINE This project is going to be undertaken in two months two weeks to finish the project (PATIENT MONITORING SYSTEM).

Idealistic vs. materialistic motivation Essay

Both the Americans and the British fought in a more open order with more significant gaps than was the norm in Europe because the general absence of cavalry made the infantry less vulnerable to attack, while the enclosed nature of much of the terrain encouraged deployments that reflected the topography. Heavily-encumbered regular units, maneuvering and fighting in their accustomed formations, were vulnerable in the face of entrenched positions and unsuited to the heavily wooded and hilly terrain of the Canadian frontier; they were also not ideal for the vast expanses of the South. Artillery and fortifications played a smaller role than in conflict in Western Europe. Compared to the armies of Frederick the Great, both the American s and their opponents were lightly gunned. The Americans did not inherit a significant artillery park, while, for both sides, the distances of America and the nature of communications discouraged a reliance on cannon; they were relatively slow to move. As a result, although cannon played a role in battles such as Monmouth Court House, battles were not characterized by the efficient exchanges of concentrated and sustained artillery fire seen in Europe. This benefited the Americans as the British had greater access to artillery, and had used it with considerable success in European campaigns in the Seven Year’s War (French and Indian War). The motivation was more materialistic. We were actually able to unify and motivate these groups even through their separate motivators were so different. But they weren’t mutually exclusive. Today in the United States, we have two kinds of motivators going on at an indigenous level: one is a unification of the population against terrorism, and the other is the preservation of the â€Å"American way. † What we’re trying to motivate ourselves to do – as the nation focuses on the preservation of the American way – is to preserve democracy and the free enterprise system. This two-rack motivator encompasses the right to be free from fear on a daily basis and the right not to have your property destroyed by an enemy force. References: Black, J. (2002). America As a Military Power: From the American Revolution to the Civil War. New York: Praeger/Greenwood.

Expressive Art Essay

My expressive essay concerns the portraits of two artists, Francis Bacon and Pablo Picasso. Two such protraits are â€Å"self protrait† 1971 by Bacon and â€Å"weeping woman† 1937 by Picasso. I believe that both these paintings have been strongly influenced by their own life experiences. Francis Bacon was born on the 28th of October 1909 and he died on the 28th of April 1992. Bacon was born in Dublin, to parents of British descent. Captain Anthony Edward Mortimer Bacon, his father, was a veteran of the boer war he then became a rae horse trainer. Chirstina Winifred Firth, his mother, was an heiress to a Sheffield steel business and coal mine. Bacon had four siblings- an older brother, Harley, two older sisters, Lanthe and Winifred, and a younger brother, Edward. Bacon was a figurative painter known for his bold, graphic and emotional raw imagery. He began painting in his early 20s but he never considered it a profession until his mid 30s. Before this time he drifted, earning a living as an interior decorator and a designer of furniture and rugs. Later in his life Bacon said he had put of being an artist because he spent too long looking for work that would sustain his interest. Bacon became more popular in 1944 with â€Å"three studies for figures at the base of a crucifixtion† released in the mid 1960s. Bacon mainly produced portrait heads of friends. His artistic output often saw him focus on single themes for sustained periods- including crucifixtion. Following the 1971 suicide of his lover George Dyer, Bacon’s art became more personal, inward looking and preoccupied with themes and motifs of death. Despite his existentialist outlook on life expressed through his paintings, Bacon always appeared to prefer the finer things in life, spending a vast amount of time eating, drinking and gambling in Londons Soho with Lucian Freud, John Deakin, Daniel Farson, Patrick Swift, Jeffrey Benard, Muriel Belcher and Henrietta Moraes. After Dyers death Bacon began to distance himself from this crowd and became less involved with rough trade to settle in a relationship with his eventual heir, John Edwards. Since his death in 1992, Bacons reputation has steadily grown he was the subject of two major Tate retrospectives during his lifetime and recieved a third in 2008. Bacon was a self-taught painter who destroyed a large part of his output, so much so that virtually none of his early work has survived. Firstly I am going to analyse Francis Bacons portrait â€Å"Self Portrait† 1971. I feel that Francis Bacon’s Self portrait is a dark, cold and harsh reflection of how he sees himself. He hasn’t made the self portrait realistic but expressive of his emotional state. It suggests to me a man that is so twisted in emotions, so distorted from the reality of himself that he has this twisted sad view of himself. When I look at this picture I do not see a man who is at the height of his career but a man who is torn apart by something in himself. Perhaps this was triggered by the death of his lover dyer (who died that year while in Paris together to attend the retrospect of Bacons work). The painting its self is oil on canvas, the brush strokes are very expressive. The colour choice is dark in intensity yet made harsher by the use of white, with a touch of blue to really enhance it atmospherically. The white with the icy blue gives it a cold ghostly edge while his eye’s are completely black just mirroring the cold. This makes him very detached from the viewer, putting them on edge. This artwork is like looking in to the soul of the artist, giving the artwork a sense of vulnerability because looking into the soul of someone is to be at a personal level with someone, it is an invasion of space but the subject matter can’t do anything about this intimacy. Some say â€Å"the blacks of the eyes are the windows to the soul†. Pablo Picasso was born in Malaga in Spain on the 25th of October 1881. His father was an artist and a professor of art. His mother was part Italian. She claimed that Picasso’s first spoken word was â€Å"pencil.† As a child, it was obvious that picasso was a talented artist, in fact, when his father realized what a great artist the young picasso was, he felt too embarrassed to call himself an artist and decleared that he would never paint again. Instead, he gave all his paint brushes and other materials to his son. As a young man picasso studied art in Madrid at the Academia de San Fernando, but didn’t finish the course. Instead, he moved to Paris in 1900 where at first, life was hard. It is said that he would sometimes burn paintings to heat up his lodgings. Picasso eventually setteled into life in Paris and although he was Spanish spent the majority of his life in France, and became a French speaker. This explains why his paintings have French names. From 1901 he began to sign his paintings ‘picasso.’ He married twice and fathered four children with three woman- Picasso was known as a relentless womanizer and a charmer. His first wife Olga Khokhlova was a Russian ballerina. Picasso painted her many times, the most famous painting of her is one of her sitting in an armchair painted in 1917. Picasso re-married many years after Olga’s death. He married Jacqueline Rogue in 1961. Rogue worked in the medovra pottery on the french Riviera- this was the pottery where picassos ceramic works were produced. Rogue and Picasso remained married for the rest of Picasso’s life. Picasso’s work is divided into periods. The Blue period (1901-1904), The Rose period (1905-1907), The African period (1908-1909), The Analytic cubism period (1909-1912), The Synthetic cubism period (1912-1919), The Classicism and Surrealism period (1918-1936). Picasso also created sculptures. One of his most famous sculptures is a fifty-foot high shape in Chicago. Nobody knows what the shape is intended to be. This sculpture is referred to as The Chicago Picasso. It was reveled in 1967 and Picasso refused to be paid for it, preferring to make it a gist to the town of Chicago. Picasso died on the 8th of April, 1972, aged 92. He produced more works of art than any other artist. Following his death, many of his works were placed in a museum in Paris named Le Musee Picasso. There are two more museums dedicated to Picasso- one is in his birth place, Malago, and the other is in Barcelona where he lived for some of his youth. One of the worst atrocities of the Spanish Civil War was the bombing of the Basque town of Guernica by the German air force. Picasso responded to the massacre by painting â€Å"weeping woman† 1937. The woman’s features are based on Picasso’s lover Dora Maar.